Best online package graphic design jobs

We are seeking an experienced data mining professional who can provide old leads from various marketing campaigns promoting any type of online courses. The number of leads we are aiming for is less than 100000. As such, the leads provided should only be relevant and of high quality. Main Duties: - Find and provide old leads strictly related to online course marketing campaigns - Ensure that data is reliable, organized and can be easily utilized by our team Ideal Candidate: - Having prior experience with lead generation or data mining will be highly useful - Familiarity with the online education market is a plus but not a requirement - Ability to work in a timely and efficient manner While we regret not providing specific details about the information required from...

I'm looking for a talented designer who specializes in creating innovative and unique templates, specifically catering to the design industry. Key Requirements are: • Photoshop file format • Implement a 'creative and unique' layout style Ideal freelancers will have a keen eye for aesthetics, experience in graphic design and a deep understanding of what appeals within the design industry. They should also be proficient in Photoshop. Efficiency in work and attention to detail are highly appreciated.

Seeking a talented designer with a firm grasp on creating engaging non-fiction book designs. The ideal candidate should have: - Proficiency in designing informative illustrations. - A strong understanding of minimalist design principles. - I want it designed in Microsoft word The project involves developing illustrations that will enhance the clarity and overall appeal of the book. Experience with illustrating scenarios and ideas in a minimalist, informative manner is crucial for this role. Personal style, creativity, and originality are highly valued for this project. Your ability to work on a tight schedule will greatly influence success. Let's create something great together!

I'm in need of a skilled graphic designer to create an impactful, alluring icon-based logo. The logo must primarily incorporate shades of blue, reflecting a modern aesthetic. Successful applicants should have a solid background in modern design trends and previous experience in creating iconic logos. Understanding of color psychology, particularly with blue, will be a plus. Expectations include: - Create an icon-based logo with a modern style - Must incorporate blue - Proven experience in graphic design - Familiarity with modern design trends Looking forward to seeing your creative proposals. Logo design

I'm on the lookout for a skilled graphic designer who can craft a modern, sophisticated logo for my men's bespoke tailoring business. The design should encapsulate a sense of simplicity and sophistication. Key Points: I have Attached One Reference Logo with this post, Exactly I need the same logo with my Preference. ( Actually that Attachment logo indicate Bow and wood texture but I need Bow and Weaving or Thread like texture) *Should indicate any Tailor thing like ( BOW-TIE) *Should looks like Fabric weaving design inside the Logo *MENSPOKE font should be clear and Readable should be Unique. *For Shirt branding like Pocket Embroidery also it should looks good and visible.

...developer with top-notch graphic design skills to support my small web agency. You should be well-versed with Wix, other WSYWG tools, and possess strong coding skills. Your portfolio should be able to impress and support your capabilities. Key Tasks: - Website Redesign: Enhance the visual appeal, user experience, and performance of our clients' websites. - Wireframing and Prototyping: Create structured and efficient wireframes and prototypes for new projects. - User Testing: Conduct thorough user testing to ensure the final product meets user expectations. Specific Requirements: - Experience in website redesigning, wireframing, prototyping, and user testing. - Strong knowledge of UX/UI principles. - Proficiency in Wix and other WSYWG tools. - An impressive graphi...

I need a reliable freelancer to assist with data input. Here's a breakdown of the project: - **Task:** Your primary job will be to input data from online forms into either Microsoft Excel or Google Sheets. - **Experience Required:** It is necessary for you to have prior experience with both of these tools. This will ensure you're able to work efficiently and accurately. - **Attention to Detail:** Given the nature of the task, it's crucial that you have excellent attention to detail. Even the smallest mistake can have significant implications. If you have the experience and skills mentioned above, I would love to hear from you.

I'm urgently seeking a well-versed online trainer who can proficiently guide me through mastering Tableau. This assignment needs to start immediately. Here's what I hope to gain from this training: - Thorough understanding of data visualization concepts - Advanced Tableau software skills - Grasping how Tableau interfaces with databases The training will be conducted via video calls, preferably through Zoom, so a reliable and robust internet connection is a must-have. The ideal candidate will be experienced in online training and possess excellent communication skills, adding to a seamless learning experience. Please reach out if you have in-depth knowledge of Tableau and are suited to deliver quality online training ASAP.

I'm looking for a talented graphic designer to create a range of vintage-themed graphic design elements for my admission-related documents and online presence, specifically: - **Flyer Design**: - A visual representation of my educational services in a vintage style. - **Social Media Graphics**: - A series of Instagram posts with the same aesthetic. **Target Audience:** The main aim is to grab the attention of potential students, their parents, and educational institutions. Ideal candidates for this project should have experience in: - Creating vintage-themed designs. - Designing for educational services or institutions. - Developing engaging social media content.

I require an experienced SSIS developer to aid in a data transformation project. The key tasks will involve taking data from a Relational Database Management System and transforming it to fit into our data warehouse. Key tasks: - Understand the structure of the source data - Develop an SSIS package tailoring to these requirements - Test the functionality of the SSIS package for effective data transformation Many of these tasks will be dealing with structured data, hence a strong understanding and experience in handling such data type is critical. Only consider participating if you have: - Proven experience with SSIS data transformation processes - An in-depth knowledge of handling structured data - Past experience transforming data from Relational Database Management Sys...

I am in urgent need of a distinctive and sophisticated logo for my company, '1 STO...in urgent need of a distinctive and sophisticated logo for my company, '1 STOP'. The preferred color palette should prominently feature blue, supplemented with white and black. Although I have no specific requirement for imagery or symbols, the design should reflect the simplicity and elegance of a minimalist approach. Ideal Skills & Experience: - Graphic design - Logo design - Ability to deliver work quickly due to urgent requirement Compliance with this brief and proficiency in creating a logo that captures 1STOP's ethos in a minimalist design will be key factors in making my selection. Please include examples of your previous work in simi...

Need an online marketplace site where users can offer services or users can post services wanted. Users can contact gig owner before ordering but will have measures in place to avoid spam and to make sure they aren't trying to contact out of the site. Will need to place banner ads and have an option for responsiveness so the ads show in mobile devices as well or a second option for mobile ads. The buyer or winner of the gig will have a meeting with a specified maximum time as decided by the gig creator. The meeting will be online via video chat (which will need to be incorporated) or meet in person (location must be specified). All payments will be via crypto and admin getting a % of each order. Site will have a referral program which will be in the member panel wit...

I require a skilled data entry professional to type data from various online sources into a structured format. This information will be used for subsequent data analysis. Key responsibilities: - Accurately type data from online sources Ideal Skills: - Proficient in typing - Attention to detail - Ability to maintain data integrity This position would be ideal for someone with a keen eye for detail and strong typing skills.

I'm seeking an experienced WordPress/woocommerce web designer to refine my existing website. Key improvements required include: Redesign: - Altering the color scheme to match the brand and appeal to target audience. - Reorganizing ...new features to improve site functionality. More details to be shared with the successful candidate. Graphics: - Our website will feature product images and stock photos which will be provided. However, there might be a need to create some images. Therefore, proficiency in graphic design is desirable. Ideal candidates would have a solid experience in WordPress/woocommerce and a strong portfolio of past work which depicts their understanding of creating engaging, user-friendly website layouts. A knack for graphic design wou...

Project on UK Laws: Online Cyber Abuse.

I'm seeking an experienced individual who can provide a beginner level training on the MERN stack. The ultimat...based systems. Ideal Skills and Experience: - Knowledge of web development and software engineering - Understanding of both basic and complex coding concepts - Proficiency in teaching and mentoring, ideally with a teaching/mentoring background for beginners. - Good understanding and practical experience with MERN stack, this will be a plus. - Experience in practical web development and system design using MongoDB will be highly appreciated. - Can teach in a very interactive way, doesn't mind lots of dumb questions. Your ability to clearly explain concepts, provide practical examples and exercises, and foster a positive learning environment are key to the succ...

...distinctly differ from the previous design while retaining the original colors. This new logo will be used on our website and on our social media platforms, making it essential to be visually effective in both large and small formats. Specific Requirements: Colors: The design must incorporate the color palette of the current logo. Design: The design should be original and clearly differentiate from our current logo and from free online examples which I will attach for reference. These examples are just to indicate styles or elements we like, but the final design must be unique. Adaptability: The logo should be easily adaptable for use in digital formats (such as website headers and social media profiles) as well as printed materials. About Us:...

Objective: Create an innovative and modern design for a slide that clearly conveys information about Quick Wins/Actions, Responsible Parties, and Expected Results for both Process Improvement and Project Studies areas. Slide Specifications: Division by Areas: The slide will be divided into two main areas, with Process Improvement occupying 2/3 of the slide and Project Studies occupying 1/3. Each area will have its own clearly defined section, allowing for a clear differentiation between the two. Area Details: Each area will have three distinct parts, one for each essential element: Quick Wins/Actions, Responsible for the Quick Win, and Expected Results. These parts will be incorporated into an image format to compose the slide background. Visual Differentiation: The two areas s...

I am looking for a Flutter developer to create a comprehensive PDF package. - The package should include functionality for: 1.) PDF encryption and decryption 2.) PDF compression 3.) Splitting PDF into multiple PDFs 4.) Merging multiple PDFs 5.) Watermarking PDF 6.) PDF validity and protection info 7.) Add page no. to the PDF 8.) Change PDF page size IMPORTANT: Do not use any underlying technology which requires AGPL-3.0 license or any other license which asks for fees for commercial use. Platform Support: - The Flutter package should be able to work seamlessly across both iOS and Android platforms. Exhaustive documentation will be required for the package. Example flutter package (for reference only): Payments will be done in phases after completi...

I'm looking for a packaging designer to create a visually appealing and functional box packaging for a snack product in the food and beverage industry. The ideal candidate should have prior experience in: - Packaging design, especially for food products - Understanding of consumer trends in the food industry - Proficiency with graphic design tools and software Key deliverables will include: - Designing an eye-catching and informative box packaging - Ensuring that the packaging meets industry standards and regulations - Potentially creating mockups or prototypes for presentation and testing. This project is perfect for a creative designer with a keen eye for detail and a passion for food packaging.

We have developed a community and job portal and we are looking to create an automation flow to streamline processes for my business. Use case: Job-Seekers sign up, post their resume and seek jobs. Employers sign up, purchase a job-package, search for candidates, connects and run interviews. Our platform is run by BuddyBoss Platform and theme,, web and mobile app (Ios and Android). We need to connect job seekers and employers with the role in BuddyBoss. Primary tasks that require automation include ensuring seamless flow from subscription purchase, powered by WP Job Manager and SureCart, to Automation powered by SureTriggers. This project requires a high degree of compatibility with a number of platforms and tools. Our key operating platforms are WordPress, BuddyBoss, Learnda...

We are looking for a tester to cooperate with, who will ensure the quality of our online games in the countries of Africa. The person will be responsible for testing online casino games and reporting encountered errors. The projects will be short and may occur irregularly. We will settle accounts for individual projects, but we value collaboration with one committed person. The tester should be available to complete a project within 1-2 days. The equipment required to perform the tests includes a smartphone with Android and iOS, as well as access to the internet.

I'm looking to develop an Android application for Online Lottery. The app will be a platform for users to purchase lottery tickets and redeem their prizes. Key Features: - Ticket Purchasing: Users should be able to easily buy their lottery tickets through the app. - Prize Redemption: Once the lottery results are out, winners should be able to easily redeem their prizes through the application. Payment options: - In-app purchase: It should support in-app ticket purchases to smoothen the transaction process. - Digital Wallet: Users should be able to pay using their digital wallets. This will require integrating reliable payment gateways for a smooth and secure transaction process. Ideal candidates for this project should have: - Experience in Android app development, especial...

...highly-skilled graphic designer to curate a refined, classic and elegant logo and brand catalog for my business. This project aims to achieve three key outcomes: - Establish Brand Identity: The design should be unique and reflect the distinctive identity of my business. - Attract Target Audience: It should be compelling enough to capture the attention of our target demographic. - Reflect Company Values: The design should subtly convey the core values and ethos of my organization. Knowledge of industry trends and the ability to understand my business's competitive context is essential for this job. Key competitor to consider in design differentiation is 'Tanisq' malabar sanco kalyan. Ideal freelancers will have a robust portfolio of elegant ...

...need of an experienced Android app developer to create a small e-commerce application. This will be a mobile platform that facilitates online buying and selling. Key Features: The Online Lottery Application aims to provide users with a convenient platform to participate in the lottery games through their mobile devices. The project seeks to leverage mobile technology to offer a seamless and accessible experience for purchasing lottery tickets, checking results, and managing accounts. Ideal Skills: - Prior experience in the development of e-commerce apps. - Proficiency in integrating mobile payment systems. - Strong understanding of Android development best practices. If you're a developer with a proven track record of creating user-friendly and secure e-com...

I'm seeking a skilled graphic designer to develop branding and a logo that aligns with my health and wellness-oriented business. The outcome should appeal specifically to other businesses, rather than individual consumers or non-profit organizations. Key tasks include: - Creating a neutral style branding - Developing a logo Ideal Skills: - Market research - Graphic Design - Advertising - Corporate Brand Identity - Knowledge in health and wellness sector Experience working with businesses in the health and wellness industry is advantageous. Kindly share a portfolio of your past work when bidding. Your understanding of business-to-business relationships and how they influence design decisions will be critical to the success of this project.

I'm about to kick off a new venture - a traditional Italian pizzeria, and I need the perfect logo to represent it. I'm seeking a graphic designer with a knack for image-based designs, and ideally some experience with food or restaurant branding. Here's what you'd need to know: - My pizzeria aims to embody the spirit of traditional Italian pizzerias. Your design should reflect this. - I'm looking specifically for an image-based logo. While minimal text could be incorporated, it should be largely graphics-driven. - Your design should be striking, memorable but not overly complicated. It should immediately communicate 'traditional Italian pizzeria' to anyone who sees it. I want a logo with a stylized ear of wheat and the words "i...

...designed to be cool and friendly in terms of appearance, and feature a minimalistic design approach. - It should be easy to navigate and should provide a straightforward user experience for visitors. - Ensuring seamless integration of products from multiple platforms is crucial. I have a Fasthost package with a domain name already so would need it created on WordPress and exported across. Ideal Skills and Experience: - Proven experience in designing and developing landing pages or simple websites. - Prior experience with aggregating products from various platforms. - Proficiency in creating minimalistic websites that are both aesthetically pleasing and functional. - Strong understanding of user experience and design principles. If you are a web designer with a ...

Job Post Template Post Title: Attention: Are you a branding genus We Are a Graphic Designing Company and i am looking for : 1 Concept 3 Revision Rounds Transfer of Copyright deliveriables .INDD and .IDML source file & print - ready .PDF ONE [ 1 ] LOGO TWO TO THREE [ 2-3 ] LOGO VARIATIONS Facebook Twitter and Instagram cover and logo profile photos. Graphic Design assets that were used for our brand's design including Adobe Photoshop or Adobe illustrator brushes photoshop actions 300dpi patterns or textures or other creative addons One [1] visual moodboard complementary mockups and your branding font packages To apply please : a few examples of your work 2. let me know what you charge for given level of quality please start off your response F...

I need a talented graphic designer skilled in Canva to develop an array of marketing materials. These will including social media graphics, flyers, infographics as well as designs for banners and other signages. The designs will be primarily used on Facebook and Instagram. The main objective of these materials will be to promote a product or service while simultaneously building brand awareness. The ideal candidate should be creative, understand the nuances of designing for social media and print, and have a knack for visual storytelling. A portfolio showcasing similar past experiences will be highly appreciated.

In this project, I'm looking to create a vibrant, at...an engaging logo. - Building WP website (responsive design, one pager) from already purchased WP theme (). Using same sample FONTS, photos and design. Adding some icons if necessary, favicon and other design elements. - Creating simple LOGO to fit in website design (black on white and white on black), vector file - WP extract files with plugins needed at the end. Ideal skills and experience needed: - Experience in WordPress (WP) website design - Proven track record in designing for a professional target audience - Proficient in creating an intuitive user interface - Graphic design skills, specifically for logo creation - Experience in incorporating product/service showcases in we...

I am in need of a skilled graphic designer to create 2D perforated sheet images for industrial use. The ideal candidate should have: - Experience in creating 2D graphic designs - Understanding of industrial design requirements - Ability to create professional and high-quality graphic designs Please provide your relevant portfolio to help me gauge your experience and suitability for this project.

I'm looking for a skilled an...for brand recognition and it will be used in both online and print mediums. Key Requirements: - The logo should have a vintage aesthetic, incorporating a blend of old-school charm with a contemporary twist. - It must be unique and memorable, instantly resonating with our target audience. - The design should be versatile enough to work well in both digital and print formats, maintaining its impact. Ideal Skills and Experience: - Proven track record in creating vintage-style logos, with a strong portfolio showcasing your range and creativity. - Understanding of branding and the ability to create designs that embody the essence of a brand. - Proficiency in graphic design software and ability to provide files in appropriate form...

I'm in need of someone who can seamlessly remove the background for 1image, quick smile job. Suitable for graphic design purposes. The final images should be in PNG format. Key requirements: - Skilled in background removal - Proficient in graphic design - Ability to deliver high-quality PNG images Looking forward to hearing from potential candidates!

We are looking for a full time employee with graphic designing and video editing skills. Must have laptop and good internet connection and should know Telugu, Hindi and English Languages.

We are seeking a versatile content creator who can handle written content, graphic design, and video production. Our aim is to provide informative and promotional content meant to engage a general audience. As the ideal candidate, you would have: - A strong command of language for creating compelling written content. - Proficiency in graphic design to create visually appealing graphics. - Strong video production skills to create engaging videos. Having experience in creating content for a wide audience is essential for this job because we need someone who can make our content easily understandable and appealing to everyone. Show us how you can help us capture imaginations and convey our message effectively.

I'm seeking a skilled graphic designer with a strong background in creating static ads for Meta (Facebook and Instagram) and LinkedIn. ABOUT US - We manufacture slushy / granita syrup in 24 flavours, ideally targeting different industries, Party Hire, Pubs and Bars, Take away / convenience stores, sporting clubs, aged care facilities - to name a few that we are targeting. Your core tasks will involve: * Designing captivating static social media ads aimed at driving website traffic / product awareness. * Creating concepts, artwork and layouts for digital ads based on our branding guidelines. * Creating different formats (sizes and layouts) for the various platforms * You will need to come up with the images you would like to incorporate, however if you need us to photograph ...

I'm in need of a skilled graphic designer who specializes in modern aesthetics to create a unique logo for my makeup brand. Key Requirements: - The logos color scheme must primarily focus on black. - The style of the logo must fall under a modern aesthetic. - The logo should incorporate a makeup item(s) in its design. Skills & Experience: - Proficiency in graphic design software is necessary. - Past experience in logo design, particularly in the makeup industry, would be advantageous. - A keen eye for detail and a strong aesthetic sense in line with modern design trends is desired.

I seek an innovative graphics designer to create vibrant and colorful image-based graphics for our Facebook ads. Key Responsibilities: - Incorporating product images, our company logo, and user testimonials into each ad graphic. - Creating eye-catching, vibrant and colorful designs that align with our brand identity and captivate our target audience. Ideal Skills and Experience: - Extensive experience in graphic design with a portfolio showcasing similar projects. - Proficiency in effectively utilizing color and imagery to evoke specific responses. - Familiarity with Facebook’s advertising guidelines. - Experience in effectively including logos, product images, and testimonials in ad designs. - Strong ability to understand and interpret brand aesthetic.

I'm looking for a talented logo designer who can create a logo that combines both text and symbols. The logo should be versatile and suitable for various applications. Key Requirements: - An eye for graphic design and detail. - Ability to conceptualize and deliver a logo that effectively combines both text and symbols. - Experience in creating professional and memorable logos. - A portfolio showcasing your previous logo design work. Please note that I don't have specific colors in mind, so you'll have creative freedom in this aspect. Please provide your work samples and a rough outline of your process with your bid. The english name of the company should be Tsun Fung Logistic Limited. Thanks for reading and have a wonderful day

As a growing professional company, I'm looking for a talented graphic designer to create a blue and gold certificate design for professional certification purposes. Key elements to be included: - My company's logo: you'll incorporate it seamlessly into the design, making it a focal point but not overwhelming. - A signature field: leave space for this in an appropriate place on the layout. - A personalized recipient name space: it should be customizable for each certificate recipient. Ideal candidates will have extensive experience with graphic design, particularly in designing certificates or similar sensitive documents. Knowledge of professional color schemes and corporate branding is a must. Please share samples of similar designs you...

I require a skilled graphic designer to create a logo for our home & kitchen products brand "COSRAAN". The logo will be applied across various platforms, particularly our e-commerce store. Here are some specifics: - Color Scheme: Incorporate the color blue predominantly in the design. - Style: Unique - Given the brand's emphasis on "unveiling the beauty within your walls", the logo should encapsulate this spirit. - Symbols: No specific symbols are requested given the last question was skipped by the client. However, creativity with incorporating relevant elements affiliated with home and kitchen are encouraged. - Deliverables: Please provide a source file with all relevant fonts and design elements. Please DM me if you have any quest...

Website needs to be upgraded in terms of design and improve how product photos are presented. See attached current website. Additional photos need to be added from image bank. Website has to optimise speed of photos display. Website has to be online before Sunday 21st April 2024

I require a freelancer who will revamp my powerpoint presentation (attached) in Canva. Here's what I'm looking for: - An expert capable of unifying both fonts and colours to give my presentation a consistent, professional look. - A talented graphic designer with a knack for creating realistic, handmade graphics to replace the existing internet-sourced images. Ideal freelancers should have extensive experience with Canva and strong design abilities. Drawn and digital graphic creation will be a distinct advantage. I need this done in Canva so that I can modify it in the future. Please quote for the whole job and if you are planning to change the price after we start chatting, don't waste your time and mine.

I'm in search of a talented graphic designer to create a logo for my new website, which is an e-commerce platform specializing in mobile phone spare parts, including screens and other components. The project requires the following: - Logo should be highly creative and in line with a modern, minimalist style. - The colour scheme for the logo should primarily consist of black, white and yellow. - Fast delivery is essential, as I would like to get my website up and running as soon as possible. Ideal candidates for this project should have prior experience in creating logos for e-commerce websites and a strong understanding of modern, minimalist design principles. It would be great if you could showcase some relevant examples from your portfolio. Your ability to work qui...

I'm looking for a talented designer to create a sleek, minimalist logo for my brand, Shuffleboard Italia. The logo should capture the essence of modern design while reflecting the sport of shuffleboard. Key Elements: - Shuffleboard Puck: Incorporating the image of a shuffleboard puck, also known as a "biscuit" or "weight," is essential as it directly represents the game. - Shuffleboard Court: A stylized depiction of a shuffleboard court or the geometric layout of the scoring area can add visual interest and immediately convey the nature of the game. - Player Silhouette: A silhouette of a shuffleboard player in action can add a human element to the logo and make it more relatable to players and enthusiasts. - Wood Grain: Since shuffleboard is often played o...

I'm in the process of launching a fencing company...need a stand-out, professional, and bold logo. Ideal Skills: - Graphic Design - Logo Design - Brand Strategy Project Specifications: - The logo should tie into our company name, incorporating elements of fences and arms. - Although I skipped the colors question, I'd love your creative input on this aspect. - The style needs to be professional bold, making a strong statement about our brand. Feel free to suggest a color scheme that you think would suit this style. Appreciated experience: Prior experience with entrepreneurship-oriented logo design is highly appreciated. I want this logo to reflect both the quality of our work and our dedication to customer service. Your ability to convey thes...

I'm in search of a proficient, creative graphics designer who specializes in logo design and has a knack for modern styling. Your task is to create an appealing, eye-catching logo using a pastel color palette. Requirements: - Proven experience in graphics and logo design - Ability to implement modern design aesthetics - Proficiency in using pastel colors effectively - Great attention to detail A candidate with previous proven experience in creating modern logos with pastel colors will be highly considered for this project. I encourage those who meet the above criteria to apply.

I'm looking for a seasoned graphic designer to refine my existing logo. The task requires: - Updating the design to make it look less cartoonish and more refined - Injecting creative graphical elements that echo professionalism and creativity. The revised logo will be extensively used on my website, social media profiles, as well as in printed materials. Thus, it should work well in digital and print formats. The ideal candidate should possess a strong knack for color grading, graphic design, and an understanding of brand messaging.

I'm in need of an icon-based logo with a vibrant and bold color palette. Aesthetic should reflect a modern, bold font style. Ideal skills for this job would include: - Proficiency in graphic design software - A strong portfolio demonstrating creative icon-based logo designs - Experience in modern and bold typography - Understanding of color theory, particularly in creating vibrant, bold color palettes. We're seeking a creative and talented logo designer to develop a unique and memorable visual identity for our brand. The ideal candidate will have a strong understanding of design principles, typography, and color theory. Responsibilities: Collaborate with us to understand our brand vision and values. Develop creative logo concepts that effectively commun...